D. food and medical care At 1723 in Washington, Air Force Lieutenant General David Burchinal, the director of the Joint Staff, was watching the events unfold from the National Military Command Center when he received a phone call from Sharp. Who was the leader of the movement to stop the Equal Rights Amendment? 8. And quite frankly, I follow that rule. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 16; Edward J. Drea, "Tonkin Gulf Reappraisal: 40 Years Later," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. Non-subscribers can read five free Naval History articles per month. As the battle continued, he realized the "attacks" were actually the results of "overeager sonar operators" and poor equipment performance. In addition, even though the losses from bombing could and usually were significant, the North Vietnamese often gained a morale boost when they would shoot an American bomber out of the sky. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Answer (1 of 8): Yes. C'estr difficile pour nous de changr nos modes de vie. The destroyers reported automatic-weapons fire; more than 20 torpedo attacks; sightings of torpedo wakes, enemy cockpit lights, and searchlight illumination; and numerous radar and surface contacts. History, 21.06.2019 16:00. Unlike much else that followed, this incident is undisputed, although no one from the US government ever admitted publicly that the attack was likely provoked by its covert actions. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . But at 1045, he reversed orders, turning the Maddox back toward the coast, this time to the north of Hon Me Island. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Facts - 14: Captain John J. Herrick sent a message that raised doubts about the August 4 incident which said, "Review of action makes reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful.Freak weather reports and over-eager sonar men may have accounted for many reports. Maddox and the U.S.S. Fifty years ago, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the U.S.S. The Gulf of Tonkin theory. 4. On 2nd August, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats travelled towards the Maddox. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT a. Titled "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964," it had been published in the classified Cryptological Quarterly in early 2001. Although the raid was successful (the oil depot was completely destroyed and 33 of 35 vessels were hit), two American aircraft were shot down; one pilot was killed and the second captured.20, On 7 August, Congress, with near unanimity, approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which President Johnson signed into law three days later. Questions about the Gulf of Tonkin incidents have persisted for more than 40 years. Corrections? The Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964 proved to be America's key entry point to war in Vietnam. The resolution served as the principal constitutional authorization for the subsequent vast escalation of the United States military involvement in the Vietnam War. Specially equipped with a communications intercept van and 17 SIGINT specialists, she was to patrol in international waters off the North Vietnamese coast, from the demilitarized zone (DMZ) north to the Chinese border. Army Colonel H. R. McMaster, author of the highly acclaimed 1997 book Dereliction of Duty, accused Johnson and McNamara of outright deception: To enhance his chances for election, [Johnson] and McNamara deceived the American people and Congress about events and the nature of the American commitment in Vietnam. Over the next three hours, the two ships repeatedly maneuvered at high speeds to evade perceived enemy boat attacks. Tensions heightened in the Tonkin Gulf. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by. It's a very good rule."31. Originally, it was claimed by the National Security Agency that the North Vietnamese Navy fired torpedo boats towards the USS Maddox on August 4, 1964. The Maddox was in the Gulf of Tonkin to collect signals intelligence on North Vietnam. . So the Gulf of Tonkin incident was staged claiming that . It was probably his kid, so history has been mad at the wrong person all along. a woman's right to choose in the first trimester. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Answer the question that you wish had been asked of you. 14. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a pair of alleged attacks by North Vietnamese gunboats on two American destroyers in August of 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin. adhereamorousdefinitivefluentaffinityanimositydegenerategregariousalliterationcohereelucidateinherentamateurconfineengenderliteraryamicablecongregationfinaleluminary. Crazy. Next, the best we have as Robert McNamara deemed him, General William Westmoreland was appointed the commander of operations in Vietnam in April of 1964. Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. The president agreed and ordered Operation Pierce Arrow, an airstrike on North Vietnamese mainland targets. (APEX) Did the gulf of Tonkin incident happen? In early 1964, South Vietnam began conducting a covert series of U.S.-backed commando attacks and intelligence-gathering missions along the North Vietnamese coast. It was passed on August 7, 1964, by the U.S. Congress after an alleged attack on two U.S. naval destroyers stationed off the coast of Vietnam. For more than 90 minutes, he made runs parallel to the ships' course and at low altitude (below 2,000 feet) looking for the enemy vessels. Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, directed by Errol Morris, Sony Pictures, 2003. Naval Institute Photo archive. and The fictitious Gulf of Tonkin incident helped draw the United States deeper into the Vietnam War. History, 21.06.2019 19:50. Confederate leaders' households. Nearly 200 documents the National Security Agency (NSA) declassified and released in 2005 and 2006, however, have helped shed light on what transpired in the Gulf of Tonkin on 4 August. Both the Maddox and the C. Turner Joy fired repeatedly into the stormy night. What was later discovered were "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and no evidence of the [] , your opinion; it must be well-reasoned and backed up it has to be ( 3 to 4 pages long) by reconstructing the arguments and ideas from the readings. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. What should have stood out to the U.S. leadership collecting all the data of these attacks was that, with the exception of the battle report, no other SIGINT "chatter" was detected during the attacks on 4 August. . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Cover-Up Worse Than Crime: Silence Around Hersh's Bombshell & Ominous Gulf of Tonkin Parallels. That report had been misinterpreted, however. Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen Prior to the two incidents the U.S. had provided substantial aid to South Vietnam and also had a number of military advisers in South Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched Americas full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. Targets would disappear, and then new targets would appear from the opposite compass direction. All of the enemy boats were heading northwest at about 40 knots, two in front of the third by about a mile. "21, Navy Captain John J. Herrick (left), pictured with Maddox skipper Commander Herbert L. Ogier on board the destroyer, kept his superiors informed during the alleged battle with North Vietnamese PT boats on 4 August. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? Quoted in Dale Andrade and Kenneth Conboy, "The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident," Naval History, 13:4, July/August 1999, pp. Another reporter pressed the issue, "Do these [patrol boats] go north, into North Vietnamese waters?" Which of the following resulted from American commitments to free trade? OPEC's embargo of oil exports to the United States in retaliation for American intervention in the Middle East. At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. O A. land and freedom In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. For most of the last five decades, it has been assumed that the Tonkin Gulf incident was a deception by Lyndon Johnson to justify war in Vietnam. The events between July 30 and August 10, 1964, are viewed as the tipping point of American involvement in Vietnam. Overhead, meanwhile, four F8 Crusaders that the Maddox had called in earlier from the USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) were rapidly approaching. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, in 1964, was a major turning point in United States military involvement in Vietnam. President Johnson signed it on August 10, giving the executive far greater power to conduct military operations, without a declaration of war, than had ever been granted before. After missions in December 1962 and April of the next year, patrols were scheduled for 1964 in the vicinity of OPLAN 34A raids. The first incident took place on August 2 . An intercepted SIGINT message, apparently from one of the patrol boats, reported: "Shot down two planes in the battle area. It was the beginning of the United States air assault against North Vietnam that lasted until the end of the war. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. More and more saw poverty from the failure of individuals to take full advantage of the American system. COMUSMACV 291233ZJuly64. "16 Amid all the other confusion and growing doubt about the attack, this battle report was a compelling piece of evidence. By the time the destroyers broke off their "counterattack," they had fired 249 5-inch shells, 123 3-inch shells, and four or five depth charges.10, Commander Stockdale was again in the action, this time alone. 30. Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. Finally, as part of his strategy to aid South Vietnam without sending in high numbers of troops, Johnson approved more covert operations against North Vietnam. Subscribe now and never hit a limit. McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. He arrived overhead at 2135. She recruited volunteers from among the Union prisoners held at 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . The National Security Agency originally claimed that another sea battle, the Second Gulf of Tonkin incident, occurred on August 4, 1964, but instead evidence was found of "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Was the Gulf of Tonkin incident staged USS Maddox On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Additionally, messages that were forwarded contained "severe analytic errors, unexplained translation changes, and the conjunction of two messages into one translation." Even though Pierce-Arrow was ordered shortly after the dubious reports of the second attack on the Maddox and Turner Joy, Johnson addressed the nation at 11:30 PM eastern time about the confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin. OB. None of these communications occurred on the night of 4 August. However, the retaliatory attack of 5 August marked the United States' first overt military action against the North Vietnamese and the most serious escalation up to that date. NSAPAC REP VIETNAM 200100ZAUG64. The North Vietnamese boats attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. The following night, August 3 three more MACV-SOG vessels attacked targets on the mainland of North Vietnam. (19) Immediately after placing a load upon the hanger, however minuscule, the cardboard tube collapses into its natural equilibrium-the classic V-shape. External sources are not required for the short papers. (18) These hangers, while not quite as cunning as plastic hangers, are perhaps the most treacherous because they don't even try to function as they are designed. The destroyer was retiring to the south. Did the North Vietnamese actually attack US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin? On the night of July 3031, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked North Vietnamese radar and military installations on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. He is currently assigned as the Andean Ridge and Southern Cone Desk officer at U.S. Three days earlier he had told the President that some of the raids had led to the 2 August attack on the Maddox.U.S. But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full . 5. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, president Johnson acted before all the facts became known. 8. The process of Vietnamization involved shifting fighting in the Vietnam War from Americans to the Southern Vietnamese. On August 2nd 1964, two United States Navy ships . There were a number of key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The USS Maddox was sent to support the South Vietnamese mercenaries. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), p. 23. Re-engaging, the first PT boat launched a second torpedo and opened fire with her 14.5-mm guns, but Maddox shell fire heavily damaged the vessel.6. Paula March 1, 2023 at 16:24 . (21) This ensures that they carry out that prime directive of all hangers-to render the clothing wrinkled and unfit for wearing in public. In the ensuing firefight, one of the torpedo boats was badly damaged, but the Maddox escaped harm. HOPE THIS HELPS YOU. They used a questionable report of a North Vietnamese attack on American naval vessels to justify the president's policy to the electorate and to defuse Republican senator and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater's charges that Lyndon Johnson was irresolute and "soft" in the foreign policy arena.30, For his part, McNamara never admitted his mistakes. 1 What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 1983) p. 372. We may never know the whole truth behind the Tonkin events and the motivations of those involved. At present cannot even estimate number of boats involved. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution portrayed U.S. motives as maintaining peace and security in Asia, . What are the main structures of the systemic system? On further examination, it was found to be referring to the 2 August attacks against the Maddox but had been routinely transmitted in a follow-up report during the second "attack." "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. On 3 August, the CIA confirmed that "Hanoi's naval units have displayed increasing sensitivity to U.S. and South Vietnamese naval activity in the Gulf of Tonkin during the past several months." 4 How to Market Your Business with Webinars. 278. 20. Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. operating in the coastal waters, inspecting suspicious incoming junks, seeking to deter and prevent the infiltration of both men and material." There's no question but what that had bearing on it. All of his policy decisions, foreign and domestic, were considered through the prism of the November vote. "18, Back on board the Ticonderoga, Commander Stockdale had been ordered to prepare to launch an air strike against the North Vietnamese targets for their "attacks" of the previous evening. The Gulf of Tonkin incident is considered a false flag ope. 12. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved. Critique does not simply mean At the 1968 Democratic National Convention. No actual visual sightings by MADDOX. After receiving information that there was an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin, the United States entered the Vietnam War on August 14, 1964. How did the United States respond to the independence movement in Vietnam? But the US bombing of North Vietnam on August 4, 1964, in retaliation for an alleged naval attack that never happened, was not a move by LBJ to pave the way for war in Vietnam. What was the primary political issue that Carter used in his presidential campaign? Lieutenant Commander Paterson is a foreign area officer and former history instructor at the U.S. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. Probably the best one LBJ ever came up with and certainly his most everlastingly devastating was, "We were attacked [in the Gulf of Tonkin]." In August of 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson needed a pretext to commit the American people to the expanding covert war in south East Asia. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B), also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. Richmond socialites. . Own ship screw noises on rudders may have accounted for some. The USS Maddox destroyer, which was the U.S. ship involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident, shown in the 1960s. War is an enemy of all the humanity and human civilization. 29. The attacks were unprovoked. Indiquez si les phrases suivantes sont vraies ou fausses. 25. 11. "29, During comments to reporters on 6 August, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the nature of the provocative OPLAN 34A raids, which were organized and overseen by his department. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin. It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. In early August 1964, Johnsons and McNamaras zeal for aggressive action in Southeast Asia led to full U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, which cost the lives of more than 58,000 American service men and women.Lyndon Baines Johnson Library. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken."13. The Maddox fired at the torpedo boats, which fired back. On the night of 30-31 July, the destroyer was on station in the Gulf of Tonkin when a 34A raid was launched against Hon Me Island. However, the initial incidents have stirred up great controversy given the varying accounts of the The resolution was introduced in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, during which two US naval ships were allegedly attacked by North . What Were The Truth'S About Tion About The Gulf Of Tonkin Incident? Resulted from a minor naval conflictc. Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. Pierce-Arrow was a limited airstrike on North Vietnamese targets on August 5, 1964. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was also called USS Maddox incident. On August 2, it was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. However, it is important to put what we do know into context. The destroyers were sent to the area in 1964 in order to conduct reconnaissance and to intercept North Vietnamese communications in support of South Vietnamese war efforts. But the reports were false and the president knew it. 27. Several years later, as the American public became increasingly disillusioned with the Vietnam War, many congressmen came to see the resolution as giving the president a blanket power to wage war, and the resolution was repealed in 1970. Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. The Maddox nevertheless reported at 2040 that she was tracking unidentified vessels. by John Prados. When asked by a reporter if he knew of any confrontations between the South and North Vietnamese navies, he responded: "No, none that I know of. He was the second-longest POW in American history, the longest also during the Vietnam conflict. How did American liberals change their views of poverty during the 1960s? Johnson was also about to go on national television to describe the attacks and request the authority to undertake a military response, even though the decision had already been made. . The third was left dead in the water and burning.7. The Mysteries of Tonkin Gulf. Ill give more brainly points, Which statement best illustrates how Elizabeth Van Lew was able to organize U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. 13. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred in August 1964. The US has form for this kind of "fabricated" naval incident (see 2 and 3 above) say theorists, referring back to the second Tonkin Gulf incident in which the US is alleged to have faked a naval clash with the North Vietnamese navy. The United States denied involvement. In exchange for Lee's surrender, Grant offered Anderson, David L., Editor. From the point of view of the Maddox, the attack had been unprovoked, though North Vietnam was under the impression that the Maddox had been involved in the raids on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands. In his award-winning 2003 video memoirs Fog of War, he remained unapologetic and even bragged of his ability to deceive: "I learned early on never answer the question that is asked of you. It also declared that the maintenance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia was vital to American interests and to world peace. This quote by Dwight D. Eisenhower shows the true picture of the war. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. By Lieutenant Commander Pat Paterson, U.S. Navy, Lieutenant Commander Pat Paterson, U.S. Navy. See Summary Notes of the 538th meeting of the National Security Council. He admitted that the new SIGINT intercept "pins it down better than anything so far. 31. And following 24 hours after that with this destroyer in the same area undoubtedly led them to connect the two events. False reports were also presented, and the president didn't know about them. However the human race LOVEs . More than 40 years after the events, that all changed with the release of the nearly 200 documents related to the Gulf of Tonkin incident and transcripts from the Johnson Library. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? There is no doubting that fact. What was true about the gulf of Tonkin incident? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Updates? A. Inlet of Tonkin episode, complex maritime occasion in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the shore of Vietnam, that was introduced to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unmerited assaults by North Vietnamese torpedo water crafts on the destroyers. It was the basis for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which committed major American forces to the war in Vietnam. At roughly the same time, the USS Maddox engaged in electronic surveillance also in the Gulf. In return, the lead vessel launched a torpedo and veered away. CTG 72.1 041848ZAUG64. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? This time, however, President Johnson reacted much more skeptically and . H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 129. Aware of North Vietnamese intent from the earlier SIGINT message, Captain Herrick ordered gun crews to open fire if the fast-approaching trio closed to within 10,000 yards of the destroyer, and at about 1505 three 5-inch shots were fired across the bow of the closest boat. . In contrast, during the 2 August attack NSA listening posts monitored VHF communications between North Vietnamese vessels, HF communications between higher headquarters in Hanoi and the boats, and communication relays to the regional naval station. 26. Especially during his tenure as commander, Westmoreland became the face of the United States in Vietnam. In August 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. The truth was very different. Although the U.S. destroyers were operating more than 100 miles from the North Vietnamese coastline, the approaching vessels seemed to come at the ships from multiple directions, some from the northeast, others from the southwest. No actual sightings by "Maddox". C. Turner Joy, on two separate occasions in the Gulf of Tonkin, a body of . Edwin E. Mose, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. Hey, did yall hear Thutmose the Great didnt actually damage Hapshetsups monuments? The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of . 5-8; Andrade and Conboy, "The Secret Side.". . The military build-up that had been piecemeal would rise in earnest over the next four years and impact a generation for decades to come. . On the afternoon of August 2, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats clashed with the American destroyer Maddox (DD-731) patrolling the coast. In contrast to the clear conditions two days earlier, thunderstorms and rain squalls reduced visibility and increased wave heights to six feet. Early in the morning, during the Desoto patrols, the USS Maddox received. President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. What power did the Gulf of Tonkin give the President? Naval Academy. What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? What really happened to the USS Maddox on that dark night in the Gulf of Tonkin? L. 88-408, 78 Stat. le tourisme responsable, c'est de ne plus voyager du tout. Have interviewed witnesses who made positive visual sightings of cockpit lights or similar passing near MADDOX. At all. We sacrificed two comrades but all the rest are okay. "27, Intelligence officials realized the obvious. Question: Define settler colonialism. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. On board the ship, Commander, Destroyer Division 192, Captain John J. Herrick ordered the vessel out to sea, hoping to avoid a confrontation. She recruited other Unionists, including government clerks Messages declassified in 2005 and recently released tapes from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library reveal confusion among the leadership in Washington. When his wingman's aircraft developed trouble, Stockdale got permission to launch solo from the Ticonderoga. 3. The order to retaliate was given less than thirty minutes after the initial report. Carter's campaign focused less on issues than on his background as a hardworking, honest, Southern Baptist southerner, All of the following led to the economic development of the Sun Belt EXCEPT. Captain Herrick also began to have doubts about the attack. The admiral added that he was trying to get information and recommended holding any order for a retaliatory strike against North Vietnam until "we have a definite indication of what happened. These new documents and tapes reveal what historians could not prove: There was not a second attack on U.S. Navy ships in the Tonkin Gulf in early August 1964. On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. And what about the North Vietnamese battle report that seemed to provide irrefutable confirmation of the attack? This final release includes additional articles, chronologies of events, oral history interviews, and other related memoranda. Corrections? In his speech, he outlined his intent to retaliate and would formally request from Congress the power to take such action. Omissions?
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