(Campagno et al. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 28(14), 3375. The class Chondrichthyes is divided into two subclasses: the Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, and rays) and the Holocephali (elephant sharks and chimaeras). Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei). 11051112). Some nerves come directly from the brain and are responsible for picking up important sensory information such as taste, smell, and sight. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 92134. Classification of Pisces. Holocephali: The word Holocephali means complete head. Remarks on the inner ear of elasmobranchs and its interpretation from skeletal labyrinth morphology. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives (pp. In rays, the pectoral fins are connected to the head and are very flexible. Class: Chondrichthyes. In chondrichthyans, the nervous system is composed of a small brain, 8-10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal chord with spinal nerves. In Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Chondrichthyes possess 5-7 pairs of gill slits. Hart, N. S. (2020). Chondrichthyes Sensory Systems. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 135154. Important note: Oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous are not terms exclusive to sharks! Also Read: Chordata. The Journal of Physiology. Web the chondrichthyes are the cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks and rays, while the osteichthyes are the bony fishes. Study fish brain anatomy. (Example: Humans are viviparous), Greenland Sharks (Somniosus microcephalus), Greenland shark hunting BBC Life [Video]. Sensory biology of elasmobranchs. Lateral line system: The lateral line is a mechanosensory system found in all fishes and the larvae of permanently aquatic amphibians, running just below the surface of the skin along the sides of the body and covered by pored scales (Helfman et al., 2009), which is used for the detection of disturbances in the water, thereby helping a fish detect water currents, find and . Pectoral morphology in Doliodus: Bridging the acanthodian-chondrichthyan divide. The Chondrichthyes are the basalmost extant branch of Gnathostomata and comprehend a monophyletic group of fishes with fossils and extant representatives distributed in 65 families with 1282 valid species. Olfactory morphology and physiology of elasmobranchs. The diencephalon is associated with the pineal body, which detects light and dark and coordinates color changes. Vigh-Teichmann, I., Vigh, B., Silva, M. M., & Aros, B. A., & Demski, L. S. (2004). Montgomery, J. C., Windsor, S., & Bassett, D. (2009). Studnicka, F. K. (1905). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20106. Osteichthyes (oss-tee-ICK-thees), or bony fish, are a major group of fish that possess a bony skeleton. The next time you see a fish swimming in a fish tank, go off on a fishing trip, or visit an aquarium, think about the truly remarkable adaptations of the nervous system of the bony fish - the Osteichthyes. Extant chondrichthyes range in size from the 10 cm (3.9 in) finless sleeper ray to the 10 m (32 ft) whale shark. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20(4), 571590. Electroreception in marine fishes: Chondrichthyans. Vertebrates are the largest group of chordates, with more than 62,000 living species. With the exception of some who are able to breathe . It has even been suggested[by whom?] Efferent signals send impulses out of the central nervous system to elicit responses from organs, structure, and muscles. [17][18] Shenacanthus vermiformis, which lived 436 million years ago, had thoracic armour plates resembling those of placoderms.[19]. Theme by Anders Norn. We've discovered that their brains aren't too different from ours in overall plan, although their cerebellum is quite large compared to the cerebrum in many cases, a reverse of our own brain setup. A fish's brain is broken up into the telencephalon (which contains the cerebrum and olfactory lobes), diencephalon (which contains structures such as the pineal body, pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, and saccus vasculosus), mesencephalon (which contains the various white and gray zones), and hind brain (composed of the cerebellum and brain stem). Visceral sensory nerves work similarly but detect signals from visceral organs within the body. Caputi, . American Museum of Natural History Novitates, 3119, 186. Mandado, M., Molist, P., Anadon, R., & Yanez, J. Carrier, J. Musick, & M. Heithaus (Eds. praeside Arvid. 393434). All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. . Is the longest-lived vertebrate animal known at 392 120 years! They are oviparous in some cases and viviparous in others. The traditional groups include Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61(2), 125133. (2009). (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Not all sharks are swimming noses: Variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes. Kardong, K. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.005. In some deepwater sharks, the column is reduced.[1]. Yopak, K. E., Lisney, T. J., & Collin, S. P. (2015). Agnatha also have a peripheral nervous system which includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves. 5. Producing an electric signal is a specialization in the nervous system of some Osteichthyes. All fish embryologically develop two eyes, although some groups of fish are functionally blind, whereas others have keen eyesight for spotting prey and avoiding predators. Having skeletons predominantly composed of cartilage is characteristic of cartilaginous fish, while having skeletons mostly composed of bone is characteristic of bony fish. Jena: Bd V. Fisher. Cell and Tissue Research, 303(3), 391401. (Lond. Gardiner, J. M., Hueter, R. E., Maruska, K. P., Sisneros, J. Crampton, W. G. R. (2019). 2005). However, Chondrichthyans also have special sensing organs called the Ampullae of Lorenzini giving them a seventh sense., Figure 4: Close up of a shark rostum notice the series of dots scatter throughout. The fossil record of the Holocephali starts in the Devonian period. In A. Oppel (Ed. Cartilaginous fish have the following characteristics: Among the Chondrichthyes are powerful jaws that are found in marine fish. Vision in sharks and rays: Opsin diversity and colour vision. Sensory physiology and behavior of elasmobranchs. Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei). Habitat: Majority of the Elasmobranchii live in saltwater ocean; however, an estimated 43 species including skates, smooth dogfishes, river sharks, pajama catsharks, and sandfishes, stingrays, sawfishes, and bull shark and many more are known to feed or reproduce in freshwater rivers. The disk of the eastern Pacific round stingray (Urolophus halleri) increases in width on the average from 75 mm (3 inches) at birth to 150 mm (6 inches) when mature (that is, at 2.6 years old). Kajiura, S. M. (2001). Journal of Morphology, 269(11), 13651386. Despite several recent findings regarding the relationships of early chondrichthyans (see Maisey et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00206272. These are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and the hind brain. Integrative Zoology, 4(1), 312. The Circulatory System Part 1: Evolution and Blood! Afferent signals come from muscles, sensory organs, and structures to provide information to the central nervous system. These terms can be used across animals to describe reproductive method! PubMed Maisey, J. G. (2001). Lisney, T. J., & Collin, S. P. (2007). As poikilothermic animals, they cannot regulate their internal body temperature. What are the Economic Benefits of Chondrichthyes? The mesencephalon is also often referred to as the mid brain. Each gill has between five and seven blades. Journal of Morphology, 274, 447455. Lisney, T. J., & Collin, S. P. (2007). The midbrain (mesencephalon) itself is comprised of two optic lobes, which are especially well-developed in osteichthyes that hunt by sight. Relative eye size in elasmobranchs. 8. The Chondrichthyes are the cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks and rays, while the Osteichthyes are the bony fishes. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Cell and Tissue Research, 303(3), 391401. (1990). Fertilization occurs internally. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives (pp. [4], Like all other jawed vertebrates, members of Chondrichthyes have an adaptive immune system.[5]. The brain in fishes is located within the skull. Mandado, M., Molist, P., Anadon, R., & Yanez, J. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 60(13), 4775. Correspondence to https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01140. As the density of the cartilage is less as compared to the bones it provides more flexibility and hence they can bend easily as compared to the bony fishes. Hart, N. S. (2020). ), Lehrbuch der vergleichenden mikroskopischen Anatomie der Wirbeltiere (pp. Understand bony fish nervous systems and see a labeled diagram of a fish brain. [5] They have several sensory organs which provide information to be processed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2023 The Biology Classroom. | 1 Development is usually live birth (ovoviviparous species) but can be through eggs (oviparous). Long gestation (development of offspring) and take a long time to reach maturity. The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA, Slobodian, V., Citeli, N., Cesar, S.E., Soares, K.D.A. Fish contain pain receptors called nociceptors like humans do. Springer, Cham. Kempster, R. M., McCarthy, I. D., & Collin, S. P. (2012). Many believe the jaw developed first as a way to increase respiratory efficiency eating was a secondary function! https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20106. Meredith, T. L., Kajiura, S. M., & Hansen, A. Ampullae of Lorenzini are electroreceptors which detect electrical fields given off by muscle contractions. ), Scanning electron microscopy (Vol. Create an account to start this course today. ), Biology of sharks and their relatives (pp. More on Hammerhead Sharks [Video discovery], Ampullae of Lorenzini additional information [Website]. Active electroreception in Gymnotus omari: Imaging, object discrimination, and early processing of actively generated signals. The cerebellum helps fishes maintain equilibrium, while the brain stem connects the spinal cord to the brain and coordinates sensory information. Kardong, K. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1018, eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social Sciences. Meredith, T. L., Kajiura, S. M., & Hansen, A. Pisces (with fins) and Tetrapoda (with bare limbs). 1. (1983). Maruska, K. P. (2001). Two chambered hearts, one with an auricle and one with a ventricle, are present in these creatures. Visual Neuroscience, 26(4), 397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523809990150. The hind brain contains the cerebellum and brain stem. They are jawed vertebrates, with skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. Chondrichthyes is further subdivided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii: In Greek, elasmo means Plate and branchia means gill, hence we can tell that long and broad flattened gills are the characteristics of these fishes. In the next five years it grows about 60 mm (about 2.4 inches) more toward its maximum recorded width of 25 cm (10 inches) in males or 31 cm (12.25 inches) in females. Jena: Bd V. Fisher. CrossRef Chondrichthyes sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system where they are processed. The electric organs (which are often found within the tail) generate specific waveforms and amplitudes that are controlled by the nervous system. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. Sensory adaptations to the environment: Electroreceptors as a case study. Not all sharks are swimming noses: Variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes. Maruska, K. P., & Tricas, T. C. (2004). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20(4), 571590. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00751027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012. Journal of Morphology, 250(3), 236264. - Facts, Uses, Properties & Formula, Conditioned Inhibition: Definition, Process & Example, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Diagnosis, Rehab & Recovery, Depression & Long-Term Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Pituitary Gland, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Body, Saccus Vasculosus, Relays messages and helps maintain homeostasis, Superficial White Zone, Central Zone, Deep White Zone, Periventricular Gray Zone, Needed to maintain equilibrium and relay messages. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Kajiura, S. M. (2001). (2010). We've learned that they have a branching system of peripheral nerves that help them sense their environment, as well as motor nerves that help them move. Maisey, J. G., Miller, R., Pradel, A., Denton, J. S., Bronson, A., & Janvier, P. (2017). Carrier, J. Musick, & M. Heithaus (Eds. Google Scholar. Lateral lines in some species contain electroreceptors, which can detect electric signals in water generated by other organisms. Correspondence to In: Vonk, J., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Relative eye size in elasmobranchs. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61(2), 125133. The subclass Holocephali, which is a very specialized group, lacks both the Leydig's and epigonal organs. Test of the mechanotactile hypothesis: Neuromast morphology and response dynamics of mechanosensory lateral line primary afferents in the stingray. Behind the olfactory lobes sits the telencephalon, which is equivalent to the cerebrum in most other vertebrates. Skates, which sometimes hold the lower surface of the head slightly above the bottom, may inhale some water through the mouth; mantas, which have small spiracles and live near the surface, respire chiefly through the mouth. Nerves run throughout the body and communicate with a number of structures. They have a complex nervous system with a brain that connects to a spinal chord. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012. In J. C. Carrier, J. A digestive system consists of an esophagus extending from the pharynx to the stomach and a gut from the stomach to the anus. The record is extensive, but most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or at best poorly understood. Chondrichthyans have tooth-like scales called dermal denticles or placoid scales. As we will see, the various nerves of the peripheral nervous system branch throughout the body. It also contains the cerebrum, which plays an important role in olfactory processes. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(20), 34633476. Feeding/Digestion They digest the blood taken from other fish (host) directly in the intestines. The localization and analysis of the responses to vibration from the isolated elasmobranch labyrinth: A contribution to the problem of the evolution of hearing in vertebrates. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1068. If you are interested in conservation issues or sharks, check it out! Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 92134. Sharks/relatives also have an enlarged liver (up to 20% of the weight of the fish) that produces lots of oil. The nervous system is controlled by electrical impulses. Phylogenetic and ecological factors influencing the number and distribution of electroreceptors in elasmobranchs. Some species have electric organs which can be used for defense and predation. Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes have the following general characteristics: Both have endoskeletons and exoskeletons. In: Vonk, J., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x. It is responsible for detecting signals and sending responses. In O. M. Johari (Ed. American Museum Novitates, 2017(3875), 115. It interprets signals collected from sensory nerves and formulates responses. The telencephalon is the most rostral (forward) portion of the brain. We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. Mucous glands exist in some species, as well. Journal of Morphology, 274, 447455. Ovoviviparous (Aplacental yolk sac viviparous). The relation of inner ear structure to the feeding behavior in sharks and rays. By its 22nd year, it is estimated to be approaching its maximum length of 1.6 metres (about 5 feet). The sperm travel to the anterior end of the oviduct, where they fertilize the eggs. A., Castell, M. E., Aguilera, P. A., Pereira, C., Nogueira, J., Rodrguez-Cattaneo, A., & Lezcano, C. (2008). Compagno, L. J. Lisney, T. J., & Collin, S. P. (2007). The localization and analysis of the responses to vibration from the isolated elasmobranch labyrinth: A contribution to the problem of the evolution of hearing in vertebrates. Kajiura, S. M., Cornett, A. D., & Yopak, K. E. (2010). [12] Recent studies vindicate this, as Doliodus had a mosaic of chondrichthyan and acanthodian traits. Osteichthyes fish in the gymnotid group, which includes knife fish and electric eels, can produce a shocking electric current using specialized nerve endings. CrossRef The nervous system is composed of the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. Question: Why would a shark a free swimming fish want to produce a lot of oil? (1995). Chondrichthyes' sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve. https://doi.org/10.1038/421495a. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x. https://doi.org/10.1206/3875.1. Newton, K. C., Gill, A. Animals that possess jaws are known as gnathostomes, meaning "jawed mouth.". The peripheral nervous system detects stimuli with the somatic sensory nerves (for the muscles and skin) or visceral sensory nerves (for internal organs). These are the same parts that are observed in humans. Why do Sharks consider Cartilaginous Fishes? Gardiner, J. M., Hueter, R. E., Maruska, K. P., Sisneros, J. Circulatory System Part 2: The Heart and Major Vessels; Circulatory System Part 3: Blood Pressure; Circulatory System Part 4: Vessels, Capillary Fluid Exchange, Lymphatic System; Unit 7: Respiratory System. Part of Springer Nature. The Greek root 'ostei-' means 'bone'. With this, fishes can detect when the water around them moves, alerting them of a passing nearby fish. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10661. According to the structure of the endoskeleton, Pisces has two types of classes: the Chondrichthyes and the Osteichthyes. Sensory physiology and behavior of elasmobranchs. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007647924559. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 28(14), 3375. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14068. In the majority of ovoviviparous sharks and rays, organically rich uterine secretions provide supplemental nourishment, which is absorbed by the yolk sac and in many cases by appendages borne on its stalk. In addition, these two types of fish are classified under different taxonomic groups - the cartilaginous fish fall into the class Chondrichthyes and the bony fish into the superclass Osteichthyes. Hammerhead sharks are one such migratory shark. One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion.[2]. ), Scanning electron microscopy (Vol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10661. They may be the remains of stem-chondrichthyans, but their classification remains uncertain. 3. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. Crampton, W. G. R. (2019). In Greek, elasmo means Plate and branchia means gill, hence we can tell that long and broad flattened gills are the characteristics of these fishes. The lateral line appears as a line that runs down the length of the body. A DiI-tracing study of the neural connections of the pineal organ in two elasmobranchs (Scyliorhinus canicula and Raja montagui) suggests a pineal projection to the midbrain GnRH-immunoreactive nucleus. Originally, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. Comparing reproductive methods in sharks [Video] This is a great resource for clarifying these methods! Active electroreception in Gymnotus omari: Imaging, object discrimination, and early processing of actively generated signals. As they do not have bone marrow, red blood cells are produced in the spleen and the epigonal organ (special tissue around the gonads, which is also thought to play a role in the immune system). Describe the structure of placoid scales. The forebrain connects to the midbrain by the diencephalon, a hormone-balancing structure. Each clasper has a groove for guidance of sperm. Cell and Tissue Research, 228(1), 139148. (2001). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior pp 111Cite as. Class Chondrichthyes " Cartilaginous Fish" Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub Phylum: Verterbrata Class: Chondrichthyes ), Biology of sharks and their relatives (pp. In J. C. Carrier, J. American Museum of Natural History Novitates, 3119, 186. Do fishes have a nervous system? In addition to eating other fish, molluscs, and crustaceans, predatory fishes also feed on other species of fish. Manta Ray. The pineal organ of Raja clavata: Opsin immunoreactivity and ultrastructure. Behavior and physiology of mechanoreception: Separating signal and noise. The sharks of the Chondrichthyes family possess special sense organs on their heads called electroreceptors that aid them in detecting prey and orienting themselves to their prey. https://doi.org/10.1206/3875.1. Describe how the Ampullae of Lorenzini helps Chondrichthyans navigate and migrate. Schluessel, V., Bennett, M. B., Bleckmann, H., Blomberg, S., & Collin, S. P. (2008). The first abundant genus of shark, Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. https://doi.org/10.1038/421495a. More specifically, do fishes have brains? Besides the elongated upper lobe, the tail consists of two shorter lobes. The Journal of Physiology. In the gills, the blood picks up oxygen from the surrounding water and leaves the gills in arteries, which goes back to the body. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [3] They have several sensory organs which provide information to be processed. 11051112). Newton, K. C., Gill, A. Chondrichthyes is a class that contains sharks, skates, rays and chimeras. Chondrichthyes' sensory systems are part of the nervous system responsible for receiving external and internal stimuli and translating them into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the central nervous system where they are processed. Fish brain anatomy is often divided into four separate components: Anatomy of the fish brain and spinal cord. The relation of inner ear structure to the feeding behavior in sharks and rays. Part of Springer Nature. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1018-1, Springer Reference Behavioral Science and Psychology, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2008.10.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9162-x, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952523809990150, https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1951.sp004638, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00130.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0. This lesson will discuss the nervous system of fishes in more detail, including the anatomy of the fish nervous system, how fish brain anatomy compares to that of a human, and the two components of a fish's nervous system. Cell and Tissue Research, 228(1), 139148. Montgomery, J. C., Windsor, S., & Bassett, D. (2009). 2017 for more information), the extant chondrichthyans are divided into two groups, the Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, and their kin) and the Holocephali (chimaeras and their kin), and can be recognized by the presence of some apomorphic characteristics, such as prismatic calcification of the cartilaginous endoskeleton, the presence of placoid scales, and pelvic fin modified in claspers in males. Litherland, L., Collin, S. P., & Fritsches, K. A. Chondrichthyans have a closed circulatory system. Hart, N. S. (2020). 325368). Hammerhead sharks have evolved to have more ampullae due to the evolutionary benefits conferred. They have excellent auditory and low light detecting receptors. Some fishes also have specific organs that can omit electric signals, such as those found in electric eels or knife fishes. ), 114(4), 471489. Bony fishes have heavily ossified skeletons with true bone and include species such as carp, eels, and lionfish. Meredith, T. L., Kajiura, S. M., & Hansen, A. Comparative Vertebrate Physiology Long Answer Test Review! There are placoid scales covering the skin. The egg cases of most species are more or less pillow-shaped; those of the horned sharks (Heterodontus francisci) are screw-shaped with a spiral flange. Journal of Fish Biology, 95(1), 92134. In this chapter we present a modern interpretation of the regional organization of the chondrichthyan brain mainly based on updated genoarchitectonic, neurochemical, and, in a lesser extent,. All animals have a nervous system, though the overall structure may vary between species. Active electroreception in Gymnotus omari: Imaging, object discrimination, and early processing of actively generated signals. Department of Psychology, Oakland University Department of Psychology, Rochester, MI, USA, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, MO, USA, Slobodian, V., Citeli, N., Cesar, S.E., Soares, K.D.A. Web species of the class chondrichthyes (sharks, rays,. To defend themselves from enemies, they possess poison stings. [13] Dating back to the Middle and Late Ordovician Period, many isolated scales, made of dentine and bone, have a structure and growth form that is chondrichthyan-like. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Signals are sent out to structures via somatic motor nerves or visceral motor nerves. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Chondrichthyes nervous system is composed of a small brain, 8-10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal chord with spinal nerves [5] . Vigh-Teichmann, I., Vigh, B., Silva, M. M., & Aros, B. Kempster, R. M., McCarthy, I. D., & Collin, S. P. (2012). They have several sensory organs which provide information to be processed. Ampullae of Lorenzini are a network of small jelly filled pores called electroreceptors which help the fish sense electric fields in water. 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