[citation needed] In Hungary, the local bogeyman, the mumus, is known as zskos ember, literally "the person with a sack". I feel a lump rise in my throat, a childlike weakness coming over me before darkness drops like a sack over my eyes. I rose quickly through the ranks. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Papa abolished the military and the police and created what the Western media dubbed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit (MVSN). Later, he profited by supplying corpses and blood to universities and hospitals in the United States. The missionaries took me to the capital, and after another year of training I had a well paid position as a bank clerk in the bank all the white folk use. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. They have to come in and get tested themselves. Although the name is that of a female, Antjie Somers is traditionally a male figure (often an escaped slave who fled persecution by cross-dressing). The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. They are referenced in the Showtime series DEXTER in a fictional storyline. We just moved to the black market. It was the name of a bogeyman who walked the streets after dark, and would kidnap children who stayed out too late. He was succeeded by his son Jean "Baby Doc" Duvalier. He stated once in the British newspaper The Independent that a good Duvalierist is prepared to kill his children (for Duvalier) and expects his children to kill their parents for him. This sentiment displays the rationale of the Tonton Macoutes, a goon squad, which was fiercely loyal to but one family and not in any way in the service of the nation or its people. Duvalier (better known as "Papa Doc") came to power in 1957, as a . Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Discussion; Bug Reporting; Delete/Combine Pages . Translated literally from Creole: Tonton (Uncle) Macoute (gunnysack). A warning to those who would oppose Papa Doc. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. In 1959, he created the force, which was granted automatic amnesty for any crime committed during any official act. The hand holding the machete instead of the hand being severed. found: Wikipedia, Sept. 26, 2014(A Tonton Macoute was a member of the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier; in 1970, the militia was officially renamed Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN), perhaps named after the homonymous Italian Fascist The name itself comes from a Krampus like figure also know as Uncle Gunnysack who kidnaps bad children. He stowed them away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. The nearly thirty years of harsh rule under Franois Papa Doc Duvalier, and his son, Jean-Claude Baby Doc Duvalier that ended in 1986, are likely the most infamous epoch in the painful history of this small French-Creole nation that occupies the western third of the Caribbean island of La Hispaniola. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. . The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier . The phrase "Tonton Macoutes" translates to "Uncle Gunnysack." During their reign of terror, the group slaughtered more than 600,000 Haitians. It was also the name of Haitian dictator Papa Doc Duvallier's brutal presidential guard. In some regions, mangtae yeonggam is replaced by mangtae halmeom ( ), an old woman with a mesh sack. The name Tonton Macoutes, literally translated "Uncle Gunnysack" is derived from the legend of an old man, who walked the dimly lighted Haitian streets at night and would kidnap children who stayed out too late. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! Press J to jump to the feed. . Users Online Now: 1,804 : Visitors Today: 790,423: Pageviews Today: 1,844,330: By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. I live under a false name, in a small town. The bad children are visited by Uncle Gunnysack, or Uncle Knapsack. A spate of coups followed, with military figures occupying the vacancy left by Baby Doc.. My wife, her mother, the children and I all share the one house buried in a nameless suburb. Haitain presidents do not have a good treck record but Papa Doc is determined to be different.This Special fosuses on the infamous Haitain dictator Franois . It was notorious for its widespread and brutal repression of political dissidents. It is alleged that the death squad continues to operate in Haiti, through 2000. In Haitian Creole, Ton-Ton Macoute means "bogeyman" (literally: "Uncle Gunnysack"). The 'dew breaker' voices a . Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. The film features the Tonton Macoute (1959-1970), a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. The militia was renamed officially in 1971 the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale ( MVSN ). All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. New Comics. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. There is no information about this character's personality recorded yet. "Ton-Ton Macoute!" History In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). I remember the first time I killed someone. Tel. As Professor Robert Maguire observed in 2002, the unabated power struggle among the countrys politicians has been joined by a renewal of the kind of paramilitary violence that the vast majority of Haitians hoped had ended with the disbandment of the Haitian Armed Forces in 1995. But there are some other issues that feed the existence of the paramilitary phenomenon: these factors include drug trafficking, rampant poverty, demoralized police forces, and the primacy of the interests of the elite. Small, compact, and easy to handle, despite its small size this machine offers the highest standards of productivity and quality. In English that translates to Uncle Gunnysack. Provided by Barrymore Bogues, PhD, of Brown's Africana Studies Department. My doctor didn't know what else to say, other than that I had AIDS, likely contracted from a blood transfusion. A key characteristic of the structure of the MSVN was that some of the most important members of the Tonton Macoutes were vodou leaders, with this belief system currently practiced by roughly half of the countrys population. Luckner Cambronne was one of the dreaded figures of the militia, head of the death squad in the 60s and early 70s. I hacked at his neck until it wasnt there. [4] A similar figure, Krampus, appears in the folklore of Alpine countries, sometimes depicted with a sack or washtub to carry children away. of the devil in Haitian folklore. In Haitian French, Tonton Macoute (7) means "Uncle Gunnysack," an embodiment Since the fading of the militia, the Human Rights Watch said in a report on Haiti, in 2004, "The United States . Although this organization no longer formally exists, its legacy of paramilitary violence and sheer brutality still contorts Haitian modern political and economic cultures. The Human Rights Watch reported on Haiti in 2004 and stated, The United States, notably, showed little enthusiasm for the prosecution of past abuses. Why is Haiti so poor? I didnt know it was actually the name of a Dictator (which explains why he was such an asshole in the movie). You probably won't be able to figure it out on your own, so I'll give you a hint. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. September 16, 2022 North America travel Even though there are some MSVN leaders that were never formally identified in the recent history of Haiti, such as Roger Lafontant, they all are clear examples of the power that the organization and its leaders had and continue to possess to one degree or another, in contemporary Haiti. Brown University In Haiti, the Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole: Uncle Gunnysack) is a giant, and a counterpart of Father Christmas, renowned for abducting bad children by putting them in his knapsack. [] Read More.. How did the Mayans adapt to their environment? In that case, he did not hesitate to kill innocent people to facilitate the growth of his industry., In 1971, following an altercation with the Duvalier family regarding his role in post-Papa Doc Haiti, Luckner fled to Miami. Duvalier (better known as "Papa Doc the sex offender") came to power in 1957, as a populist, freely elected. In Haiti, the Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Uncle Gunnysack) is a giant, and a counterpart of Father Christmas, renowned for abducting bad children by putting them in his knapsack. I wish I could say that it was to stop my family from starvation, or that I did it to help people. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s emerged as a political presence just as sadistic as the MVSN: the Revolutionary Front for the Advancement and Progress of HaitiFRAPH, which Toronto Stars crack journalist Linda Diebel described as modern-Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be. I am no longer a rich or powerful man. When I was a child growing up in Haiti my mother would tell me tales of Tonton Macoute. They were not accountable to any state branch, court or elected body, but rather only to their leader, Papa Doc., The Angel of History or, Progress (AMST310/HUM485), middle east research and information project. (Amy Wilentz's "A zombie is a Slave Forever." Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. In Haitian Creole mythology, Tonton Macoutes was a bogeyman who kidnapped errant children in the night and stored them in his knapsack. Indeed, it even impeded accountability by removing to the U.S. thousands of documents from military and paramilitary headquarters, allowing notorious abusers to flee Haiti, and repeatedly giving safe haven to paramilitary leaders. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Serving as the special ops unit of notorious Haitian dictator, "Papa Doc"" Duvalier, the Tonton Macoute take their name (Uncle Gunnysack) from the Haitian mythological figure who kidnapped . Franois Duvalier. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. I had more money, but open-heart surgery a few years ago sucked up the last of my savings, along with almost killing me. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Washington's political agenda regarding Haiti's struggle for democracy valued Duvalier's seeming contribution as an abolisher of Communism in the Caribbean, over the rights of the Haitian people, who sought a democratic form of government and a leader, who respected democratic principles. A spate of coups followed, with military figures occupying the vacancy left by Baby Doc.. Donec aliquet. I am home now, but yet to tell them. Translated literally from Creole: Tonton (Uncle) Macoute (gunnysack). Donec aliquet. Duvalier left office in 1964, but the Tonton Macoutes assisted his son Jean "Baby Doc" Duvalier in securing power. My friend came back with his pants around his ankles, and made fun of the fact I'd forgotten to remove the sack. Tonton Macoute (Uncle Gunnysack) is an evil bogeyman in Haitian mythology, and is also the name of the paramilitary force who helped oppress Haiti . The Tonton Macoutes remained active even after the presidency of "Papa Doc" Duvalier's son "Baby Doc" ended with the anti-Duvalier protest movement 1986. Donec aliquet. The Haitians nicknamed this warlord-led goon squad the Tonton Macoutes, after the Creole translation of a common myth, about an uncle (Tonton) who kidnaps and punishes obstreperous kids by snaring them in a gunnysack (Macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. Tonton Macoute (Creole: Tonton Makout) can be translated as bogeyman, though it literally means Uncle Gunnysack., In 1959, only two years after becoming president, Papa Doc created a paramilitary force that would report only to him and would be fully empowered to use unremitting violence to maintain the new administrations authority to summarily dispose of its enemies. Forums. [7][8] The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout)[1][2][3] or simply the Macoute[4][5] was a . During Haiti's earthquake, "Baby Doc" pledged to donate $8 million dollars to the Red Cross. 5 Appearances of Uncle Gunnysack . He was our Boogeyman - he would snatch bad children from their beds at night,put them in a sack and then eat them in the morning. During the dictatorship of Papa Doc Duvalier, certain Haitian secret policemen were given the name Tontons Macoutes because they were said also to make people disappear. Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who . A soldier, years later, told me that Papa Doc hadnt even made that order. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. Hed never take you - Youre the best little girl in the world. . Tonton Macoute were also a progressive rock band from the UK. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. The Birth of Terror, In 1959, only two years after becoming president, Papa Doc created a paramilitary force that would report only to him and would be fully empowered to use unremitting violence to maintain the new administrations authority to summarily dispose of its enemies. It's a well-established fact that militia violence is the norm in Haiti, no matter who is heading the government. I thought it was the best way of extracting information -Papa later told me he enjoyed the smell more than anything. Donec aliquet. The Tonton Macoutes: Legacy and Transformation. Doakes described the crimes the Tonton Macoutes were responsible for to Maria LaGuerta. For more information regarding Stieve's research methodology, review the Library Resource Guide for Spatial Data and GIS and the Library FAQs. In contrast to Greene's description of them, they do not all wear sunglasses. Haiti Local is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The oppressor instead of the oppressed. As I grew older still, I began to notice the real life horrors used to keep peasants - the children of the country - in line. Franois Duvalier became president of Haiti in 1956. "https://userfiles-secure.educatorpages.com/userfiles/mrsjjonesenglish/Zombie%201.pdf, Explore over 16 million step-by-step answers from our library, Donec aliquet. The children are never seen again. Franois Duvalier died April 22, 1971. All of these factors explain why the remnants of the Tonton Macoutes are still a very important part of Haitis political and social heritage, even as they and their descendents continue to fragment into small groups with different interests, maintaining their penchant for violence and chaos. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier. Click here to take a fun quiz about the original run of. He was our Boogeyman - he would snatch bad children from their beds at night,put them in a sack and then eat them in the morning. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Tonton Macoute is both the traditional boogeyman of Haiti and the military arm of dictator Papa Doc who used a combination of voodoo, supertstition and horrific violence to control Haiti. In Haitian Creole mythology Tonton Macoute (Uncle Gunnysack) was the name of a boogeyman who walked the streets after dark, and would . The name itself comes from a Krampus like figure also know as Uncle Gunnysack who kidnaps bad children. They were named after Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), a mythological bogeyman who kidnaps and punishes unruly children. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. I saw their dreadful form of power and wanted it. The militia preyed upon people, who supported Duvalier's political opponents, or declined to contribute money for a government project, which provided graft for dishonest officials, certainly supporters of the Duvalier regime. This paramilitary group also extended its influence far outside La Hispaniola to diasporas throughout the world, Fraph also had a presence abroad, with offices in New York, Miami, Montreal and other cities with large Haitian exile communities.. His brutality was manifest whenever there was a shortage of what he considered raw material (corpses). "Demographic data was downloaded from U.S. Census and boundaries from esri.com and NYC CSCIC. My friends took the woman away, leaving only myself and the victim kneeling before me. I barely escaped with my life - using my secret money to flee to the U.S, where I have spent the last twenty years in hiding. Tonton Macoutes (properly Tonton-Makout or Tontonmakout, sing. Tonton Bufe, Istanbul: See unbiased reviews of Tonton Bufe, one of 16,109 Istanbul restaurants listed on Tripadvisor. The most dreaded of them, FRAPH (Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti), ruled the land with their bloodshed, in the 1990s. The Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (MVSN), or (Militia of) National Security Volunteers, was commonly called the "Tonton Macoutes".It was a Haiti an militia / secret police force created in 1959 and reporting directly to Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.. I got the position by killing the last leader, and bringing his head encased in ice to Papa. When Papa was killed,his son Baby Doc seized power of Haiti and my own Tonton Macoute. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. After 1991, when Aristide was illegally forced to leave the presidency, the vestiges of the MVSN became known as attachs, or savage groups of vigilantes attached to government security forces, or crooked political organizations which had the ability to use force against its foes. The term "Tonton Macoutes" is equivalent in Haiti to the "bogeyman ". He had served as Minister of Health, and was noted in the fight against Typhus. The term "Tonton Macoutes" is equivalent in Haiti to the not "bogeyman". In some stories, the Zwarte Piets themselves were kidnapped as kids, and the kidnapped kids make up the next generation of Zwarte Piets. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier. Scary tales for children, especially American children. The Haitians nicknamed this warlord-led goon squad the "Tonton Macoutes," after the Creole translation of a common myth, about an "uncle" (Tonton) who kidnaps and punishes obstreperous kids by snaring them in a gunnysack (Macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. With Jennifer Zubar, Toto Bissainthe, Patrick Rameau, Jean-Michel Martial. . But I didnt. The militia was created in 1959, modelled on the Italian fascist Blackshirts. Activists called out the Obama administration in 2010, for ignoring criminal abuses carried out against pro-Aristide loyalists during the 2010 Haiti elections. The militia was renamed officially in 1971 the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (MVSN). In Honduras and Mexico, misbehaving children fear "El Roba Chicos", or child-snatcher, which is very similar to "Hombre del Saco". [citation needed], In North India, children are sometimes threatened with the Bori Baba or "Father Sack" who carries a sack in which he places children he captures. [20] Massacres led by paramilitary groups spawned from the Macoutes continued during the following decade. The Tontons Macoutes prowl the streets. Brown University Library However, despite the religious nature of vodou, the facts as well as the numbers speak for themselves. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. We left his corpse where it was, and hung his wife in the centre of town. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). After an attempted coup against him in 1958, Duvalier rewrote the Haitian constitution. Ton-Ton Macoute was also the name of Haitian President Papa Doc Duvalier's secret police force, which was credited with widespread human . It was a silly thing to say and frankly you should feel silly for saying it. [2] In Brazil, o homem do saco is portrayed as a tall and imposing adult male, usually in the form of a vagrant, who carries a sack on his back, and collects mean disobedient children for nefarious purposes. Things did change- they became worse. My wife is American, born and raised - she can't even speak my language. He was so happy he cried. He also acted as a general bogeyman: if your child is unruly, just tell him Tonton Macoute will come to take him away and devour him for breakfast. T-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more, designed and sold by independent artists around the world. An article from Reuters published December 8, 1998 explains why the people want justice for "Baby Doc's" crimes. A good number of these new bodies were being formed by former Macoutes. Many of these militias remained nostalgic for the good old days of Duvalierism, with some even attempting to ignite their own reign of terror. In the Netherlands and Flanders, Zwarte Piet (Dutch for "Black Pete") is a servant of Sinterklaas, who delivers bags of presents on December 5 and takes naughty kids back to Spain in the now empty bags. When teenager Jean-Claude is foolish enough to steal from his grandmother, he is hunted by Tonton Macoute, the Haitian Boogeyman he said he no longer believe. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Je nai pas des enemies. Linguistically isolated households are households in which either no person age 14+ speaks only English at home, or no person age 14+ who speaks a language other than English at home speaks English "very well.". Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. It was also the name of Haitian dictator Papa Doc Duvallier's brutal presidential guard. [6] The FRAPH also cooperated with the regular army to persecute Aristides followers; this made them even more dangerous than the Tonton Macoutes, because in the old days the militia and the legal armed forces were more rivals than allies. Sites: MySpace Members: They could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had the temerity to support an opposing politician, all the way to an accommodating foreign diplomat or even a business man who refused to donate money for public works (the public works being the pockets of corrupt officials and even the dictator himself). Before Duvalier rose to power, he was a doctor and gained the epithet "Papa Doc." New elements that are fueling the splinter groups of the militia and FRAPH include all manner of social ills, among them, drug-trafficking, endemic poverty, and the selfish desires of the rich. The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole Tonton Makout) or simply as the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois Papa Doc Duvalier. One theory is because much of Haitian land has been razed of trees and shrubbery, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters cause twice as much damage. I will sit with my back to her, feeling my hair stand on end, not wanting to admit to even myself what I am feeling. 'Babay' means "old man" in Tatar. When Dr. Francis Duvalier, a well spoken former medical doctor, became President in 1957 we thought things would change. Variants of this figure appear all over the world, particularly in Latin countries, such as Spain, Portugal, Italy (where he is known as the vecchio col sacco ("the old man with the sack"), and the countries of Latin America, where it is referred to as el "Hombre del costal", el hombre del saco, or in Portuguese, o homem do saco (all of which mean "the sack/bag man"), and Eastern Europe. My wifes mother was born in Haiti - she tells the children the tales. The Tonton Macoutes (singular Tonton Macoute referring to a member thereof; or Ton Ton Macoute) was a Haitian militia force under the control of Franois Duvalier . We didnt bother testing, although we said we did. Tonight my daughter woke me, crying that someone was underneath her bed. Although the United States was a preeminently active and interested participant in the development of Haitis political culture, it failed to speak out against such atrocitiesnot even during human rights-focused administrations such as Jimmy Cartersas a result of Cold War logic. Her mother is Haitian though, and sometimes she tells the children about Tonton Macoute. Tonton Macoute or Uncle Gunnysack was a Haitian bogeyman who would snare misbehaving children and eat them for breakfast. . Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec aliquet, View answer & additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same subject, Explore documents and answered questions from similar courses, Explore recently asked questions from the same subject. An unofficial uniform of designer T-shirts and mirrored sunglasses reflected the money, prestige and power one could earn under Papa Doc. How do you tell your children the world is too evil to need monsters. He was just a story a device mothers used to keep unruly children in line. This chapter flashes back to the 'dew breaker', an active and senior member of Duvalier's Macoutes while in Haiti. Privacy Policy. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. In English that translates to Uncle Gunnysack. With my help his vote came back with 1,320,748 in favour and none against. Franois Duvalier. Haitians named this force after the Haitian Creole mythological bogeyman Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly . [citation needed], Several countries contrast their version of the sack man with the benign sack carrier Father Christmas. The missionaries ground on me, their prayers and stories conflicting with my mothers, until I became an athiest. The Tonton Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. What this means is that the Tontons Macoutes were part of a conscious strategy to identify spiritual forces and nationalism with loyalty to Duvalier, and to instill fear in [his] opponents. From their methods to their choice of clothes, vodou always played an important role in their actions. In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). They were Papa Docs private army, using voodoo and violence to control Haiti. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the Na . My friends shook their machetes at the screaming children and Grandmother as we took their parents away. He stuffed them into a gunnysack and they were hauled . The militia was renamed officially in 1971 the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale ( MVSN ). Duvalier used the Tonton Macoutes as an instrument to strike terror into the hearts of anyone, who advocated a progressive agenda. And they were pretty spooky figures in the real world too. Their aim is true, but the odds are stacked against them. Growing up, I was terrified of being carried away for Uncle Gunnysack's breakfast. Dean of the College Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! Comment, Tonton Macoutes, a militia force put together in 1959 by President Franois Duvalier, translated, means Uncle Gunnysack, referring to a bogeyman that captures children in a gunnysack. Eventually, I earnt my position as Papas second in command leader of the Tonton Macoute. The Tonton Macoutes would too come out at night (and even during the day) and take away citizens and dissidents who were never to be seen again. I spent a minute trying to figure out where she would have heard it before remembering the girls Grandmother. appropriate was the name for a member of "Papa Doc's" secret police? The term "Tonton Macoutes" is equivalent in Haiti to the "bogeyman". Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. [2][3] Anonymous Coward User ID: 68613425 The Tonton Macoutes are also known as the Militia of National Security Volunteers. Im afraid to look into this further but this cant be ignored. [citation needed] In Vietnam, misbehaving children are told that ng ba b (in the North; literally mister-three-bags) or ng k (in the South) will come in the night and take them away. He stowed them away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. The Second Most Feared Man in Haiti, The dictators hold on power was guaranteed by the secret polices terror campaign, and usually, the head of the Macoutes, was considered to be extremely close to the dictator.
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